Teaching code

4S00903

Teacher

Giorgio Fossaluzza

Coordinator

Giorgio Fossaluzza

Credits

9

Language

Italian

Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SSD)

L-ART/02 - HISTORY OF MODERN ART

Period

I semestre (Lingue e letterature straniere) dal Sep 26, 2022 al Dec 23, 2022.

Lessons timetable Moodle Seminars 0

Learning objectives

This course provides the elements students need to understand the relationship between writing and the figurative apparatus, including book ornamentation, and to be able to assess the aesthetic, communicative and didactic functions of book illustration. It begins with the consideration of the book as an “artistic” product with its own formal and stylistic features. To this end looking to the past, even the remote past, serves as a premise for approaching the book with greater awareness and understanding how its design and production have evolved in contemporary communicative media (video, computer-based, digital etc.). In other words, the educational objectives are to provide a historical background combining forms of continuity and technological innovations, aesthetics and communication, that will be useful for students interested in pursuing a career and making choices in the field of publishing. The course focuses on and brings together three fundamental elements. The first concerns the aesthetics of font and typesetting, that is, the “architectural organism” considered in terms of its rule-bound formal aspects, while contemporary examples are approached as instances of experimental and provocative “breaks” with tradition. To this end, the course briefly addresses the main stages in the emergence of the alphabets of ancient civilizations up to the formation of Roman writing, the foundation of the classical tradition of all subsequent printing activities including contemporary examples. There will also be institutional references to the significance of writing and the image in relation to texts in ancient civilizations, including those outside of Europe and especially in connection with their religions and symbolic or sacred values. The second element regards the procedures used to create figurative designs and illustrations, for example illumination, woodblock and intaglio in their various forms (direct and indirect, involving the graver and etching with its multiple variations) leading up to the most modern industrial systems of reproduction, beginning with lithography and going on to cover the ensuing evolution of industrial printing. The course also addresses the terminology used in the various European languages. The third element involves a diachronic investigation of the history of illustrated books from the birth of the printing press to the modern and contemporary ages, making note of the typological features which, albeit through changing styles and techniques, have persisted over time. The study of this latter element will involve considering the structural nature of the code and the relationship between the field of writing and the field of the image from late antiquity through the main junctures of the Middle Ages, such as the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Pedagogically speaking, students will be guided in learning the stylistic and evaluative method of analysis applied to illustrated books. The same method is used in the course on modern art history and this is another reason why the latter course should be considered preliminary. In the classroom, students will be engaged in discussion following a seminar-style approach in order to aid them in acquiring the appropriate analytical vocabulary. Approaching the history of illustration using the methods of art history requires locating the key figures of the art of printing and illustration within the geography and history of Italian and European culture. Due to the brief duration of the course, it will not be possible to hold classes at libraries or temporary exhibitions. Instead, students will be provided with more in-depth information during class sessions, particularly as concerns the main stages of the history of illustration, including contemporary illustration. At any rate, students will be permitted to choose these arguments according to their own interests. On the basis of the specialized literature presented in class, students will have to choose an exam topic for which they demonstrate having assimilated the methodological guidelines provided throughout the course.

Prerequisites and basic notions

Prerequisites: It is expected to master the basics of History of Book, according to the course syllabus included in the second year curriculum.

Program

Learning objectives: This course provides the elements students need to understand the relationship between writing and the figurative apparatus, including book ornamentation, and to be able to assess the aesthetic, communicative and didactic functions of book illustration. It begins with the consideration of the book as an “artistic” product with its own formal and stylistic features. To this end looking to the past, even the remote past, serves as a premise for approaching the book with greater awareness and understanding how its design and production have evolved in contemporary communicative media (video, computer-based, digital etc.). In other words, the educational objectives are to provide a historical background combining forms of continuity and technological innovations, aesthetics and communication, that will be useful for students interested in pursuing a career and making choices in the field of publishing. 
The course focuses on and brings together three fundamental elements. The first concerns the aesthetics of font and typesetting, that is, the “architectural organism” considered in terms of its rule-bound formal aspects, while contemporary examples are approached as instances of experimental and provocative “breaks” with tradition. To this end, the course briefly addresses the main stages in the emergence of the alphabets of ancient civilizations up to the formation of Roman writing, the foundation of the classical tradition of all subsequent printing activities including contemporary examples. There will also be institutional references to the significance of writing and the image in relation to texts in ancient civilizations, including those outside of Europe and especially in connection with their religions and symbolic or sacred values. The second element regards the procedures used to create figurative designs and illustrations, for example illumination, woodblock and intaglio in their various forms (direct and indirect, involving the graver and etching with its multiple variations) leading up to the most modern industrial systems of reproduction, beginning with lithography and going on to cover the ensuing evolution of industrial printing. The course also addresses the terminology used in the various European languages. The third element involves a diachronic investigation of the history of illustrated books from the birth of the printing press to the modern and contemporary ages, making note of the typological features which, albeit through changing styles and techniques, have persisted over time. The study of this latter element will involve considering the structural nature of the code and the relationship between the field of writing and the field of the image from late antiquity through the main junctures of the Middle Ages, such as the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Pedagogically speaking, students will be guided in learning the stylistic and evaluative method of analysis applied to illustrated books. The same method is used in the course on modern art history and this is another reason why the latter course should be considered preliminary. In the classroom, students will be engaged in discussion following a seminar-style approach in order to aid them in acquiring the appropriate analytical vocabulary. Approaching the history of illustration using the methods of art history requires locating the key figures of the art of printing and illustration within the geography and history of Italian and European culture. Due to the brief duration of the course, it will not be possible to hold classes at libraries or temporary exhibitions. Instead, students will be provided with more in-depth information during class sessions, particularly as concerns the main stages of the history of illustration, including contemporary illustration. At any rate, students will be permitted to choose these arguments according to their own interests. On the basis of the specialized literature presented in class, students will have to choose an exam topic for which they demonstrate having assimilated the methodological guidelines provided throughout the course.
Program:
Introduction
1. Illustration and decoration. Terminology and meanings. Decorum and decoration in classic and modern aesthetics.
2. The birth of writing. First media and first historical evidence. 3. Roman writing.
4. From rotolo to codice.
5.-6. The miniature technique. First miniature codex, exemplifications of the relationship between text and image.
7. Civilization, religious books and illustrations: Judaism, Islam etc.
8. Codex with illustrations: geographic areas. The Church of Rome and the role of the image. The spread of Christianity, Benedictine order and the production of illustrated codex. The Church of Byzantium and the civilization of the illustrated codex, the iconoclasm and its theological assumptions. Palestine, Syria and Christian Africa. Insular culture and civilization of illustrated codex.
9. Periodization and miniature history in the Middle Ages. The Carolingian and Ottoman civilization. The Romanesque, the Gothic. The Italian Gothic miniatures. Late Gothic in Europe and in Italy.
10.-11. The humanist codex with illustrations. The invention of the press and the first illustrated books in Germany and Italy, literary genres and image roles. Incunabuli illustrated with particular regard to Roman proto-typists and trade situation in Venice up to Aldo Manuzio.
12. Theory. Reading and commentary of the Iubilatio. Alberti, Feliciano Feliciano, Mantegna and the littera mantiniana, Damiano da Moille, Luca Pacioli, De Divina proportione.
13.-14. The woodcut. The great protagonists of the xylographic technique. Schongauer, Dürer, Luca of Leida, Titian, Ugo da Carpi.
15. Calcografia, charateristics of direct engraving. Bulino, puntasecca, maniera nera. Pollaiolo, Mantegna, Raimondi.
16. Intaglio printing, engraving and etching. Acquaforte, acquatinta, ceramolle, lavis. Parmigianino, Barocci, Callot; Cort, Carracci.
17. The title page: origins and evolution. Functions and figurative typologies.
18. Key moments of the typographical font in the 16th century, Manuzio and his legacy. The protagonists in Italy and Europe. 19. Fundamentals of illustrated publishing in the 16th century. 20. Main artists in Italy and Europe (16th century).
21. Fundamentals of illustrated publishing in the 17th century. 22. Rembrandt.
23. Fundamentals of illustrated publishing in the 18th century. 24. Piranesi. Tecnique, genres, international trade.
25. Main artists in Europe (18th century). Bodoni and Neoclassicism. Typographic manuals.
26. Litography and serigraphy.
27. Innovations in printing techniques and illustrated publishing. The birth of photography and illustration, technical evolutions, new reproductive possibilities, new editorial lines. 28. Industrialization of the font in the 19th century.
29. Manifesto, birth and diffusion in Italy, in Europe and America.
30. The birth of children’s book. The comic.
31. Movimenti and avant-garde. Morris and Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, Liberty, Secession, Expressionism. Cubism, Futurism, Dada, Russian avant-garde. Bauhaus and modern design. Pop art. Trends and protagonists in the 20th century.
32.-33. 20th century in Italy: Ratta and Bertieri; Scuola del Libro di Urbino; State Illustration. The book of art in the 20th century. ** Conclusions and new perspectives. From calam

Bibliography

Didactic methods

Teaching methods: frontal lectures.

Learning assessment procedures

Assessment: The exam is in written form and includes 8 questions: four open questions on the course topics and four specific questions regarding the four in-depth topics of choice.
Duration of the test 4 hours.
Texts and images regarding most of the in-depth topics of choice are made available in the moodle.
An additional choice of four focus topics is an integral part of the examination program. The student is encouraged to choose from the bibliographic entries in the following topic modules (one topic from each module).
1 Module:
1.1_The revival of the Roman lapidary typeface in the Fifteenth century.
Giovanni Mardersteig, Leon Battista Alberti e la rinascita del carattere lapidario romano nel Quattrocento, in “Italia Medioevale e Umanistica”, II, 1959, pp. 285-307.
Giovanni Mardersteig, Introduzione a Felice Feliciano, Alphabetum Romanum, a cura di G. Mardersteig, Verona 1960: I. Il carattere lapidario romano e la sua rinascita; II. Felice Feliciano da Verona; III. L’alfabeto di Felice Feliciano; VI. Conseguenze della costruzione dell’alfabeto, in
pp. 9-39, 55-62.
1.2_Dürer engraver
Ginevra Mariani, Origine e sviluppo della stampa calcografica nel nord Europa: Albrecht Dürer e Luca di Leida, pp. 46-54.
1.3_Rembrandt engraver
Ger Luijten, Rembrandt e l’aquaforte, pp. 34-43.
2 Module:
2.1 The frontispiece. Introduction.
Lorenzo Baldacchini, Aspettando il frontespizio. Pagine bianche, occhietti e colophon nel libro antico, Milano, Edizioni Sylvestre Bonnard, 2004, pagine da specificare a lezione.
2.2 The Venetian illustrated book of the Eighteenth century.
Il libro illustrato veneziano del Settecento, catalogo della mostra a cura di Marino De Grassi, Edizioni della Laguna, Monfalcone 1990.
Giorgio Marini, La ”Bella Maniera” di Joseph Wagner e l’incisione di traduzione veneziana del Settecento, in Le tecniche calcografiche d’incisione diretta, cit. pp. 100-107.
2.3 Photography and Typography.
Paola Pallottino, Storia dell’illustrazione italiana. Libri e periodici a figure dal XV al XX secolo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1998, capitolo relativo.
2.4 Illustrated children’s books.
G. Fanelli–E. Godoli, Il libro per Bambini, in L’illustrazione Art Nouveau, Bari, Edirtori Laterza, 1989, pp. 283-299.
2.5 From manifesto to poster.
Luigi Menegazzi, Il manifesto italiano, Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori editore, 1989, pp. 7-51.
2.6 Introduction to comics. Comics in Italy.
Francesco Restaino, Storia del fumetto da Yellow Kid ai manga, Torino, Utet libreria, 2004, pp. 5-26, 269-316.
2.7 “Il libro oggetto” in Twentieth century Italy.
G. Fanelli–E. Godoli, Il futurismo e la grafica, Milano, Edizioni Comunità, Milano 1988, pp. 36 segg.
Vincenzo Filacavai, Artisti e libri illustrati italiani del XX secolo, in Ralph Jentsch, I libri d’artista italiani del Novecento, Torino, Umberto Allemandi & C. 1993, pp. 9-17. Sono accluse esemplificazioni con schede di commento.
3 Module:
3.1_A. Mariani, Incisione. Premessa storica. Principali tecniche: xilografia, calcografia. Tipologie: incisioni di traduzione, incisioni ornamentali, stampe popolari, pp. 165-174.
Maria Cristina Paoluzzi, Disegno e incisione, in Stampa d’arte. Guide cultura, Mondadori, Milano 2003, pp. 10-14.
Especially the following essays:
Le tecniche d’incisione a rilievo. La xilografia, a cura di Ginevra Mariani, Roma 2006:
Antonella Renzitti, La xilografia, pp. 9-21.
Ginevra Mariani, La xilografia nel primo Cinquecento: i grandi maestri, pp. 33-40.
Luigi Ficacci, Ugo da Carpi e il chiaroscuro nel Cinquecento, pp. 45-52.
3.2_A. Mariani, Incisione. Premessa storica. Principali tecniche: xilografia, calcografia. Tipologie: incisioni di traduzione, incisioni ornamentali, stampe popolari, pp. 165-174.
Maria Cristina Paoluzzi, Disegno e incisione, in Stampa d’arte. Guide cultura, Mondadori, Milano 2003, pp. 10-14.
- Especially the following essays taken from Le tecniche calcografiche d’incisione diretta. Bulino, Puntasecca, Maniera nera, a cura di Ginevra Mariani, Roma 2006:
Antonella Renzitti, La calcografia. Il bulino e le tecniche d’incisione diretta, pp. 9-22
Giuseppe Trassari Filippetto, Il bulino da utensile orafo a strumento grafico, pp. 23-35.
Marzia Faietti, Marcantonio Raimondi e la grande stagione del bulino in Italia, pp. 58-63.
- 3.3_A. Mariani, Incisione. Premessa storica. Principali tecniche: xilografia, calcografia. Tipologie: incisioni di traduzione, incisioni ornamentali, stampe popolari, pp. 165-174.
- Caratterizzanti i seguenti saggi da Le tecniche calcografiche d’incisione indiretta. Aquaforte, aquatinta, lavis, ceramolle, a cura di Ginevra Mariani, Roma 2005:
Giuseppe Trassari Filippetto, “Il facil modo che è bellissimo”. L’aquaforte, le tecniche di resa tonale ed i procedimenti emulativi, pp. 5-25.
Luigi Ficacci, L’aquaforte nel Cinquecento: Parmigianino e Barocci, pp. 27-31.
Ger Luijten, Rembrandt e l’aquaforte, pp. 34-43.
Mario Gori Sassoli, Pittoricismo e monumentalità nelle incisioni di Giovanni Battista Piranesi, pp. 81-88.
- 3.4_ The following essays taken from Le tecniche in piano. Litografia.Serigrafia, a cura di Ginevra Mariani, Roma 2006:
Giuseppe Lo Russo, La litografia, pp. 7-17.
Mario Teleri Biasion, Serigrafia: scrivere su seta, pp. 18-23.
Two out of the four following topics:
Vittorio Rubiu, Daumier e la caricatura in litografia, pp. 34-40.
Maria Francesca Bonetti, La cromolitografia e la stampa di Traduzione: il progetto dell’Arundel Society (1848-1897), pp. 49-58.
Claudio Zambianchi, “Une beauté en dessous”: Toulouse Lautrec e la litografia fin-de-siècle in Francia, pp. 59 65.
Ginevra Mariani, L’espressionismo tedesco e la litografia come mezzo di comunicazione, pp. 66-72.
Achielle Bonito Oliva, Figure americane, pp. 89-101. (it deals with Pop Art).
Bibliography:
Printed notes from the course are made available to students at Copisteria Replay:
Compendio e redazione degli appunti del corso di Storia dell’illustrazione del prof. Giorgio Fossaluzza, a cura di B. Ribaudo e S. Righetti.
The student is encouraged to provide himself/herself with an art history textbook. Some textbooks will be recommended in class.
The following entries are referred to for introductory aspects:
Paola Pallottino, Storia dell’illustrazione italiana. Libri e periodici a figure dal XV al XX secolo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1998. Introductory chapter and the one relating to photography and typography.
S. Ajani, L. Anzalone, G. Brunazzi, R. Germani, F. Marinelli, C. Verde, Storia e tecniche della comunicazione visiva, in Grafica. Scienza, tecnologia e arte della stampa, tomo III, Antonio Ghiorzo Editore, s.d., pp. 701-851. Richly illustrated chapter.
Arti minori, prolusioni di L. Castefranchi Vegas e C. Piglione, Milano, Jaka Book, 2000; moreover, you can refer to the following chapters: C. Quattrini, Miniatura. Tecnica, fonti, procedimenti, pp. 186-188; F. Tasso, Tipologie librarie. Rotulo, pp. 189-190; F. Lollini, Codice, pp. 190-192; C. Quattrini, Incunabolo, pp. 192-193; C. Quattrini, Tipologie decorative, pp. 205-207.

Evaluation criteria

Assessment criteria: The student's ability to formulate an independent argument on authors, problems and stylistic issues based on the questions delivered in the written test will be assessed. Ability to independently express connections and comparisons between personalities and works to which they belong will be especially evaluated.

Criteria for the composition of the final grade

Composition of the final grade: The final test can be divided into several modules, which will be assigned a partial grade. The average of the partial grades assigned to each part will result in the final grade recorded on the student's transcript.

Exam language

italiano