Teaching code

4S000090

Credits

9

Coordinator

Barbara Rossi

Language

Italian

Moodle Seminars 0

The teaching is organized as follows:

Program

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MM: FARMACOLOGIA GENERALE
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Basic principles in Pharmacology and introduction to the drugs in the market Definition of drug, active substance, pharmaceutical product, vehicle, eccipient, the placebo effect Evaluation of the drugs’ efficacy: the randomized clinical trial Different sources of drugs. How the drugs enter in the market Bioequivalent and biosimilar drugs The italian market for drugs. The drug prescription: fascia A e C, OTC and SOP drugs, different type of prescriptions Indications and contraindications. The off-label use How to measure the drug use: the DDD Pharmacodynamic Basic principles of the mechanism of action of drugs (drug’s receptor, drug-receptor interaction: agonism and antagonism) Pharmacokinetic Drug’s absorption. Main characteristics of different drug administration routes: advantages and disadvantages. The bioavailability of drugs. Food-drugs interactions The drugs’ distribution in the body. Factors that can influence the drugs’ distribution: the blood-brain and placentar barriers Characteristics of drug metabolism. Enzyme induction and inhibition Drug’s clearance. Factors that may alter influence drug’s clearance Definition and meaning of dose, maximum dose, daily dose, dosing, therapeutic index, clearance, half-life, peak blood levels, therapeutic range, toxic concentrations, accumulation Relationship between plasma concentrations of drugs and their action Factors to be taken into account in determining the dose of a drug, and in the case of repeated administrations, the dosing interval. How to calculate pharmaceutical doses. Pharmacotherapy Basics of risk/benefit and cost/benefit analyses for drugs. Adverse drug reactions: mechanisms and risk factors. The spontaneous reporting system of adverse drug reactions: regulation and role for nurses Antibacterial drugs: general issues and characteristics of the main classes of antibacterial drugs Basics of antivirals and vaccines Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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MM: SEMEIOTICA E FISIOPATOLOGIA
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MM: INFERMIERISTICA CLINICA
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MM: PATOLOGIA GENERALE
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Syllabus • Introduction to general pathology. Concepts of homeostasis and functional reserve organ. The disease: definition, causes (congenital and acquired diseases); concept of pathogenesis. • cellular pathology: General concepts: steady state cell and tissue and its alterations: a) degenerative changes in the cells (reversible and irreversible cell damage) and cell death (necrosis, apoptosis). Types of necrosis b) Amendments of volumetric cells (hypertrophy, atrophy, atrophy) and their causes c) numerical modifications of cells (hyperplasia, hypoplasia, aplasia) and their causes d) Alterations of cellular differentiation processes (metaplasia, anaplasia, dysplasia). • Inflammation: General concepts: inflammation as a reaction of the body to harmful agents Types of inflammation: a) Acute inflammation: - General and fundamental moments Features (hyperemia, exudation, chemotaxis) - Outline of chemical mediators of inflammation - Particular aspects of acute inflammation (inflammatory erythematous, serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, hemorrhagic and necrotizing), and their consequences on the organism (payments, phlegm, abscesses, phlegmon, fistula, empyema, whites, adhesions, synechiae, pseudomembrane, necrosis ...) - Evolution of acute inflammation b) Chronic inflammation: - Features and pathogenetic mechanisms - The granulomas. Main granulomatous diseases - Useful and harmful effects of inflammation - General Manifestations of inflammation (Fever, leukocytosis, synthesis of acute phase proteins, muscle breakdown, changes in serum iron and zinchemia, endocrine disorders, etc. ...) • The healing process of a wound: Phases of wound healing: coagulation, formation of granulation tissue scarring. Complications of the healing process: infection, dehiscence, keloid formation. • General oncology: - General characteristics of tumors: benign and malignant tumors. - The neoplastic cell: structural and functional aspects (atypia, anaplasia, characteristics of aggregation, replication mode ..) and give the guest mechanisms - Study the causes of cancer: epidemiological and experimental data - Overview of main chemical carcinogens, physical and biological - Overview of genes involved in the determinism of cancer (oncogenes and anti-oncogenes). - Natural history of cancer: initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis - Mechanisms of defense against cancer: relationship between immunity and cancer. - Systematics of neoplasms (nomenclature) • General Hemostasis: General observations about the normal hemostatic mechanisms. A) Deficit of haemostatic mechanisms: bleeding Causes of hemorrhage (vascular, platelet, coagulation deficit, from hyperfibrinolysis); local manifestations (petechiae, purpura, bruising, hematemesis, melena, hematuria, hemoptysis) and general (anemia, hypoxia) of bleeding disorders B) Thrombosis: General characteristics and pathogenesis of venous and arterial thrombosis; Consequences of thrombosis: angina and heart attack embolism signs (types of emboli, embolism consequences). • Immunology - Immune response: natural immunity and specific immunity. organs primary and secondary lymphoid. NK cells. - B cells and T: origin, characteristics and activation mode. - Concept of antigen. - Antibodies: characteristics and role in defensive processes - Overview of immune deficiencies - Autoimmunity: causes and and examples of autoimmune diseases. - The hypersensitivity reactions: General mechanisms of local and generalized hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis, cytotoxic reactions, immune complex, delayed hypersensitivity): Examples of the most common hypersensitivity reactions.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

The exam is divided into two blocks defined as follows:
Block A - Pathology, Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 45 questions with multiple choice questions (4 or 5 choices) (15 questions per module)
Block B - Clinical Nursing I and II 30 questions with multiple choice questions (4 or 5 choices) (20 in Nursing I and 10 in Nursing II)
In total, the exam consists of 75 questions with multiple choice questions. Each is worth 1 point.

The student passes the exam if he obtains at least 45 points and a pass in the two blocks:
at least 27 points in Block A (with a minimum of at least 5 points in each subject)
at least 18 points in Block B (with a minimum of 4 points in Nursing II)
The student can repeat a block if he reaches enough in the other. The pending block must be overcome by the last call in January, when all the pending ones are cleared
The final grade is assigned according to the points obtained according to the following table:

VOTE POINTS
73-74-75 30 and praise
70-71-72 30
69 29
66-67-68 28
63-64-65 27
61-62 26
59-60 25
57-58 24
55-56 23
53-54 22
51-52 21
49-50 20
47-48 19
45-46 18
& lt; = 45 rejected

The overall time to take the complete exam is 120 minutes, 70 minutes for Block A only and 45 minutes for Block B only.