Teaching code

4S000090

Credits

9

Coordinator

Barbara Rossi

Language

Italian

Moodle Seminars 0

The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

The course introduces the student to the basic concepts of major diseases and the fundamental pathogenetic processes, allowing them to correlate cellular homeostatic mechanisms to alterations of the organ functions and clinical manifestations of disease. Students will understand the basic principles of pharmacology, especially in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms, and the benefit and risk profile of the drugs. The course will helps students to develop an approach oriented to prevention, assessment and management of respiratory, urinary and intestinal function alteration and the multidimensional assessment of pain. PHARMACOLOGY: The course aims to provide general knowledge about the functions and the use of drug therapy, in the fields of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance. Concepts of pharmacology are essential to the development of the nurse's own skills in management and control of drug therapies, as well in patient education. This course is preparatory to the study of the individual classes of drugs, which starts with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs and will be completed in the clinical pharmacology module. SEMEIOTICS AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY: The course introduces the student to the fundamental concepts of pathophysiology and semiotics, implicated in the activation of organ damage and in the development of the main diseases. The information necessary for understanding the set of events leading to the disease will be selected using a practical approach. Any further details will be reserved for the lessons that specifically deal with the organ and the apparatus. Every fundamental alteration will be explored within a specific organ and the different peculiar manifestations of the organ itself will be clarified. The lessons will also include the semeiotic part, describing the objective signs that characterize diseases. The treatment of semeiotics will be performed after treating the pathophysiology of the various organs. At the end of the course, students must be able to know the general mechanisms that lead to the disease and to identify their characteristics. CLINICAL NURSING I and II: The course offers the contents and the assistance methodology related to person's needs and to "fundamental" nursing care. The course will helps students to develop an approach oriented to prevention, assessment and management of respiratory, urinary and intestinal function alteration and the multidimensional assessment of pain. During teaching, frontal teaching methods will be privileged associated with sessions of application of the contents treated in care situations (guided exercises, video projections, clinical case analysis, testimony readings will be used to analyze and reflect on the perceptions and needs of the patients and family members). GENERAL PATHOLOGY: The course develops the preparatory contents for understanding the basic mechanisms of diseases. The following contents will be covered: the general principles and disorders of homeodynamics of complex systems, the main pathogenic esogenous and endogenous factors, biological damage, responses to damage, with particular reference to inflammation, the processes of healing and chronicity, immunity , haemostasis and thrombosis, vascular pathology and notions of general oncology. The course aims to help the student to understand the essential links between clinical analysis and fundamental mechanisms, facilitating the reading of the conceptual basis of the disease.

Program

------------------------ MM: FARMACOLOGIA GENERALE ------------------------ Programme of the course Analysis of drug/receptor interaction and the generation of drug effect(s). Terminology related to drug use, the methodologies of drug identification and clinical development. Adverse reactions: classification and reporting Pharmacokinetics: diffusion across membranes/barriers and models of PK; absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs; drug metabolism; operative terminology: volume of distribution, half-life, clearance Drug metabolism and elimination; the CYP system; therapy with multiple doses e therapy modification in presence of pathologies of the clearing organs. Mechanisms of action, effects, therapeutic uses and adverse reactions of Antimicrobial drugs and vaccines NSAIDs Glucocorticosteroids Immunosuppressive drugs Antineoplastic drugs ------------------------ MM: SEMEIOTICA E FISIOPATOLOGIA ------------------------ Basic cell mechanisms: O2 management, uptake of nutrients and elimination of metabolites as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the cell. Anemia: in particular anemia caused deficiency of iron and vitamins, hyporegenerative anemia, and haemoglobinopathies. Hydro-electrolyte balance of the body: maintenance of volumes and distribution of liquids and their alterations: hyperhydration and dehydration syndromes, intra-extracellular fluid balance (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions), intra and extracellular buffer systems, maintenance of hydro-electrolyte and acid- base equilibrium. Semeiotic of hydro-electrolytic imbalances.  Endocrine Disorders: Main hormones, hyper- and hypofunction of the main endocrine glands and stress response, diabetes mellitus, hyper- and hypoglycaemia. Semiotics of the endocrine system.  Respiratory system: ventilation, alveolo-capillary diffusion of the gas, alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio. Respiratory failure. Semiotics of the respiratory system. Cardiovascular system: vascular tone and blood pressure control, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, left and right heart failure, shock. Semeiotic of the heart.  Urinary tract: brief details of kidney disease and chronic renal failure. Digestive system: malnutrition, portal hypertension, ascites. Digestive semeiotics of the digestive system  Central nervous system disorders following metabolic alterations (hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoglycaemia, hypertonia and extracellular hypotonia, hyperamoniemia ------------------------ MM: INFERMIERISTICA CLINICA ------------------------ ------------------------ MM: PATOLOGIA GENERALE ------------------------ Introduction to general pathology. Concepts of homeostasis and functional reserve organ. The disease: definition, causes (congenital and acquired diseases); concept of pathogenesis, course, outcomes, signs, symptoms, prognosis, diagnosis, complications. Cellular pathology: General concepts: steady state cell and tissue and its alterations: a) degenerative changes in the cells (reversible and irreversible cell damage) and cell death (necrosis, apoptosis). Types of necrosis b) Amendments of volumetric cells (hypertrophy, atrophy, atrophy) and their causes c) numerical modifications of cells (hyperplasia, hypoplasia, aplasia) and their causes d) Alterations of cellular differentiation processes (metaplasia, anaplasia, dysplasia). Inflammation: General concepts: inflammation as a reaction of the body to harmful agents Types of inflammation: a) Acute inflammation: - General and fundamental moments Features (hyperemia, exudation, chemotaxis) - Outline of chemical mediators of inflammation - Particular aspects of acute inflammation (inflammatory erythematous, serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, hemorrhagic and necrotizing), and their consequences on the organism (payments, phlegm, abscesses, phlegmon, fistula, empyema, whites, adhesions, synechiae, pseudomembrane, necrosis ...) - Evolution of acute inflammation b) Chronic inflammation: - Features and pathogenetic mechanisms - The granulomas. Main granulomatous diseases - Useful and harmful effects of inflammation - General Manifestations of inflammation (Fever, leukocytosis, synthesis of acute phase proteins, muscle breakdown, changes in serum iron and zinchemia, endocrine disorders, etc. ...) The healing process of a wound: -Phases of wound healing: coagulation, formation of granulation tissue scarring. - Complications of the healing process: infection, dehiscence, keloid formation. General oncology: - General characteristics of tumors: benign and malignant tumors. - The neoplastic cell: structural and functional aspects (atypia, anaplasia, replication mode ..) and host damage mechanisms. - Study the causes of cancer: epidemiological and experimental data - Overview of main chemical carcinogens, physical and biological - Overview of genes involved in the determinism of cancer (oncogenes and anti-oncogenes). - Natural history of cancer: initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis - Mechanisms of defense against cancer: relationship between immunity and cancer. - Systematics of neoplasms (nomenclature) General Hemostasis: General observations about the normal hemostatic mechanisms. A) Bleeding. Causes of hemorrhage (vascular, platelet, coagulation deficit, from hyperfibrinolysis); local manifestations (petechiae, purpura, bruising, hematemesis, melena, hematuria, hemoptysis) and general (anemia, hypoxia) of bleeding disorders B) Thrombosis: General characteristics and pathogenesis of venous and arterial thrombosis; Consequences of thrombosis: angina and heart attack embolism signs (types of emboli, embolism consequences). Immunology: - Immune response: natural immunity and specific immunity. organs primary and secondary lymphoid. - NK cells, B cells and T: origin, characteristics and activation mode. - Concept of antigen. - Antibodies: characteristics and role in defensive processes - Immune deficiencies: primary secondary immunodeficiencies - Autoimmunity: mechanisms of establishment and examples of autoimmune diseases. - Hypersensitivity reactions: general mechanisms of type I, II, III and IV hypersensitivity reactions. Examples of the most common allergic reactions.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

The exam is divided into two blocks:
Block A:
- Pathophysiology: 20 multiple choice questions of which only one is correct.
- Pharmacology: 22 multiple choice questions of which only one is correct.
- General Pathology: 20 multiple choice questions of which only one is correct.
Block B:
- Clinical Nursing I: 15 multiple choice questions of which only one is correct.
- Clinical Nursing II: 17 multiple choice questions of which only one correct and 3 open questions.
-
1) Students can choose whether to do just one of the blocks or both.
2) The test concerning block A will be performed on the official day of the exam, while block B, 1 day later.
3) For each block, the student will be able to "retrieve from the insufficiency" only one module.
4) Insufficient module recovery can be sustained multiple times
5) The retrieve of the module within a block and the overcoming of both blocks must categorically be done within the academic year (within the January exam).