Teaching code

4S02595

Credits

10

Coordinatore

Giuseppe Verlato

Language

Italian

Moodle Seminars

The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

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MM: STATISTICA MEDICA
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OBJECTIVES The course is aimed at presenting basic principles of medical statistics, necessary to study groups of individuals by taking into account inter-individual variability. In particular, the medical student will learn to: 1. Create and interpret a frequency table, starting from individual data 2. Represent data pertaining to a biological phenomenon with adequate graphics 3. Compute percentiles (or other quantiles) of a biological variable 4. Use a simple software, such as a spreadsheet, to compute simple statistics 5. Estimate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of a diagnostic procedure 6. Compute confidence intervals for means and proportions 7. Perform a statistical test to evaluate significance of differences between two means or two proportions. 8. Estimate the relation between two quantitative variables by a linear regression model
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MM: FONDAMENTI DI FISICA
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The aim of the course is to provide the students with the basic knowledge of mechanics, fluids, thermodynamics, optics and electricity. At the end of the course, the students will be able to: a) Show to possess good knowledge of the fundamental laws of classical Physics. b) Understand how such laws can be applied to different fields of biomedical interest in order to solve practical problems that they will face during their studies. c) Solve simple problems in physics also applied to biomedical and biological phenomena.

Program

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MM: STATISTICA MEDICA
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PROGRAM The following topics will be addressed: 1. Measurements performed in biomedicine: precision, accuracy, repeatability and validity. 2. Basic statistical methods to describe, interpret and present quantitative information collected on groups of individuals or other statistical units. 3. Probability: definitions, basic rules to compute probabilities and expected events. 4. Evaluation of a screening procedure when a gold standard is available: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratio. Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement. 5. Main probabilistic models, useful to approximate the distribution of a biological variables within a population (binomial and gaussian distributions). 6. Basic design in observational and experimental research: random sampling and randomization. 7. Main inferential methods: confidence intervals to estimate parameters, and hypothesis testing to base decisions on experimental/observational evidence. 8. Basic concepts of multivariable statistical analysis: multiple linear regression to study quantitative outcomes, logistic model to study dichotomous outcomes, and Cox model to study survival.
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MM: FONDAMENTI DI FISICA
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1. Introduction Units, standards and the SI system, dimensional analysis. Practical units. Scalar and Vector quantities. Operations on vectors (addition, subtraction, dot product, cross product). Graphic and Analytical Methods. 2. Elements of Mechanics Position, displacement, velocity and acceleration. Average and instantaneous velocity. Uniform motion. Motion at constant acceleration. Uniform circular motion. Motion in two dimensions. Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of motion. Weight: the force of gravity. The normal force. Linear Momentum and its conservation. Work and Energy. Theorem of kinetic energy. Conservative and dissipative forces. Potential energy, mechanical energy and its conservation. Gravitational and elastic potential energy . Power. Angular quantities. Torque of a force. Couple of forces. Moment of inertia, Angular momentum and its conservation. Equilibrium of rigid bodies. Levers of I, II; III kind. Static equilibrium analysis in some real situations as muscles and joints. Mechanical and technological properties of materials: Young's modulus and Hooke's law. 3. Fluids Density and specific gravity. Definition of pressure, flow rate, official and practical units. Measurement of pressure, manometers. Sphygmomanometer. Pascal's Law, Stevin's law, Archimedes' principle. Ideal fluid, Equation of continuity, Bernoulli's Equation. Applicatons of Bernoulli’s equation. Venturi effect. Viscous fluid, viscosity measurement and units. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance. Exercises and Applications in the circulatory system. Laminar or turbulent flow, the Reynolds number. Cardiac work. Kinetic factor. Surface tension. Laplace’s law. Applications of the Laplace’s. Capillarity. 4. Electric Phenomena Electric charge, definitions and units. Coulomb's law. Electric field, Energy, Electric Potential. Definition and units. Electric dipole, dipole layer, potential of a quiescent cell and of a front of depolarization. Electric currents, Ohm's law, Joule's law, resistors in series and parallel, Capacity, capacitors in series and in parallel. Electric power. RC circuit. Basics of Electromagnetism: Magnets and magnetic fields, magnetic fields produced by electric currents, force on an electric current in a magnetic field; definition and units. Lorentz force, Ampere's and Faraday-Neumann-Lenz Laws. Examples. Principle of operation of some medical devices. 5. Thermodynamics Temperature, heat, specific heat. Definitions and units. Thermometer and temperature scales. Heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation. Evaporation. Gas laws and absolute temperature. Thermodynamic transformations. First and second law of thermodynamics. Entropy. 6. Optics and Waves Wave phenomena, mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Wavelength, frequency and speed of propagation, intensity. Sound. Light: geometric optics. Laws of reflection and refraction. Optical fiber and medical applications. Plane mirror. Concave mirror. Paraxial approximation of geometric optics. Thin lenses, lens diopters. Equation of conjugate points for the plane mirror, concave mirror and thin lenses. Construction of images. The simple microscope. 7. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Radioactivity and Radiation Protection (mention). Production of X-ray fluorescence and bremsstrahlung. Electron volts, definition and use. Interaction of X-rays - gamma with matter: photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair production. Half value thickness. Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology. Radioactivity, law of radioactive decay.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

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MM: STATISTICA MEDICA
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TYPE OF EXAMS A written exam will be performed in the computer room. In the first part, students will have to answer about 30 multiple choice questions with 5-8 possible answers. In the second part students will have to solve problems of inferential statistics, which will require to compute confidence intervals and/or to perform simple statistical tests. For this purpose, students will be enabled to use a computer equipped with a spreadsheet.
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MM: FONDAMENTI DI FISICA
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Written test consisting of simple exercises on the topics covered during the course and multiple choice questions. Possible oral exam (optional), which aims to acquire, if necessary, further elements for evaluation of students and eventually clarify aspects of the written test.