The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

------------------------
MM: BIOCHIMICA
------------------------
During the Course are furnished: -Basic knowledge of organic chemistry preparatory for biochemistry. -Structure-function relationships of the most important biological macromolecules and of the metabolic regulation at the molecular level. -Cross-talk between the different biochemical pathways and the energy level changes associated. At the end of the Course the student should demonstrate to have acquired the proper scientific terms and notions in order to critically and autonomously evaluate the biochemical processes of life.
------------------------
MM: BIOLOGIA APPLICATA
------------------------
The course aims to provide the cognitive basis for understanding the contribution of biological macromolecules to the biological organization and functioning of structures of living organisms and to the most important aspects of human biology. Teaching also seeks out the basic concepts of genetics, the most common genetic diseases, and their transmission modes. At the end of the course, the student must demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the basics of biology also in relation to the health status of the human population.

Program

------------------------
MM: BIOCHIMICA
------------------------
- Organic chemistry: nomenclature of organic compounds and recognition of functional groups. - Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, glycogen, starch, cellulose, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. - Proteins: amino acids, protein structure levels, peptide bond, alpha-helix, beta-sheet, globular protein, myoglobin and hemoglobin, allosteric regulation. - Enzymes: Classification of enzymes, active site, specificity and isoenzymes, cofactors and coenzymes, vitamins, regulation of enzyme activity, allosteric enzymes. - Lipids: lipids and their functions, acylglycerols fatty acids, phospholipids, terpenes, steroids, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins. - Introduction to metabolism: catabolism and anabolism, ATP and phosphocreatine, coenzymes redox (NAD+ and FAD), redox reactions, metabolic pathways, metabolic intermediates, regulating metabolism, coupled reactions, signs of genetic defects of metabolism. - Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis and its regulation, pentose phosphate pathway, alcoholic and lactic fermentation, synthesis of acetyl-coenzyme A, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, Krebs cycle and its regulation, gluconeogenesis and its regulation, Cori cycle, glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis, hormone regulation (glucagon, insulin and adrenaline), diabetes mellitus. - Oxidative phosphorylation: mitochondrial respiratory chain, standard reduction potential, electron transport and proton pumps, mitochondrial ATP synthase. - Lipid metabolism: beta-oxidation of fatty acids, ketones, lipid biosynthesis, acid synthase-fat, cholesterol metabolism. - Metabolism of proteins and amino acids: transamination, glucose-alanine cycle, urea cycle, biosynthesis of amino acids, branched chain amino acids. The frontal teaching is the method adopted in this Course.
------------------------
MM: BIOLOGIA APPLICATA
------------------------
Synthetic program: Main characteristics of living organisms, cell structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; the structure of viral particles; cell cycle and its regulation; reproduction and development; molecular mechanisms of hereditary transmission of genetic information; the chromosomal basis of heredity, the human genome, Mendelian genetics, pedigrees, the gene mutations. General characteristics of living organisms. - Life macromolecules: DNA, RNA, proteins. - Cell structure and function: general characteristics, separation of subcellular components. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus. - The molecular basis of hereditary information. DNA characteristics, Watson and Crick model. DNA replication. - Gene expression. Genetic code, transcription, translation. Gene expression regulation. - Genetics. Composition of the genome. - Mutations: types and effects. Spontaneous mutations. Mutagenesis by chemical and physical agents. - Genome Organization. - Chromatin: composition and structure. - Chromosomes: structural patterns, karyotype, anomalies. - The cell cycle. Mitosis - Sexual and meiosis reproduction. Gametogenesis. Meiotic Errors: Aneuploids. The gene dosage and inactivation of the X chromosome, the determination of sex in the embryo. - Genetics. Transmission of hereditary characters, Mendel's laws. Genotype and phenotype, autosomal and sex-related inheritance. Interpretation and discussion of genealogical trees. Genetics of blood groups. Methods of transmission of genetic diseases in humans, calculation of risks. Molecular Diagnosis.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

------------------------
MM: BIOCHIMICA
------------------------
To overcome the module of Biochemistry, students must demonstrate that they have understood the basic concepts of biochemistry, biological macromolecules and metabolic transformations. The exam consists of a written test with 15 multiple choice questions and 3 open questions, to be briefly answered in a limited space, covering the didactic content throughout the course. The final score will be expressed in thirty's (/30) and the module of Biochemistry will be passed if the overall assessment of the integrated course is greater than or equal to 18/30.
------------------------
MM: BIOLOGIA APPLICATA
------------------------
The assessment of learning outcomes envisages a written test to ensure knowledge of the topics under consideration. The written test potentially covers all the topics listed in the program. It is articulated in groups of question-related to the main themes of the course (life macromolecules, cell biology, cell interactions, genetic information flow, mendelian inheritance, human genetics). Items are formulated as multiple answer questions and open answer questions. The answer to each item requires knowledge of biological terminology, ability to interpret genealogy trees, ability to systematically connect knowledge of biology and genetic molecules, ability to describe and exemplify biological structures. The examination will be validated with a minimum score of 18/30. The overall evaluation of the answers to the questions is expressed in thirty/30. To help the student to understand the contents and the formulation of the items, the examination tests submitted in the previous year will be discussed in the classroom with the students of the following year.