Studying at the University of Verona
Here you can find information on the organisational aspects of the Programme, lecture timetables, learning activities and useful contact details for your time at the University, from enrolment to graduation.
Type D and Type F activities
This information is intended exclusively for students already enrolled in this course.If you are a new student interested in enrolling, you can find information about the course of study on the course page:
Laurea magistrale in Molecular and Medical Biotechnology - Enrollment from 2025/2026Type D learning activities are the student's choice, type F activities are additional knowledge useful for job placement (internships, transversal skills, project works, etc.). According to the Teaching Regulations of the Course, some activities can be chosen and entered independently in the booklet, others must be approved by a special committee to verify their consistency with the study plan. Type D or F learning activities can be covered by the following activities.
1. Modules taught at the University of Verona
Include the modules listed below and/or in the Course Catalogue (which can also be filtered by language of delivery via Advanced Search).
Booklet entry mode: if the teaching is included among those listed below, the student can enter it independently during the period in which the curriculum is open; otherwise, the student must make a request to the Secretariat, sending the form to carriere.scienze@ateneo.univr.it during the period indicated.
2. CLA certificate or language equivalency
In addition to those required by the curriculum/study plan, the following are recognized for those matriculated from A.Y. 2021/2022:
- English language: 3 CFUs are recognized for each level of proficiency above that required by the course of study (if not already recognized in the previous course of study).
- Other languages and Italian for foreigners: 3 CFUs are recognized for each proficiency level starting from A2 (if not already recognized in the previous study cycle).
These CFUs will be recognized, up to a maximum of 6 CFUs in total, of type F if the study plan allows it, or of type D. Additional elective credits for language knowledge may be recognized only if consistent with the student's educational project and if adequately justified.
Those enrolled until A.Y. 2020/2021 should consult the information found here.
Method of inclusion in the booklet: request the certificate or equivalency from CLA and send it to the Student Secretariat - Careers for the inclusion of the exam in the career, by email: carriere.scienze@ateneo.univr.it
3. Transversal skills
Discover the training paths promoted by the University's TALC - Teaching and learning center intended for students regularly enrolled in the academic year of course delivery https://talc.univr.it/it/competenze-trasversali
Mode of inclusion in the booklet: the teaching is not expected to be included in the curriculum. Only upon obtaining the Open Badge will the booklet CFUs be automatically validated. The registration of CFUs in career is not instantaneous, but there will be some technical time to wait.
4. CONTAMINATION LAB
The Contamination Lab Verona (CLab Verona) is an experiential course with modules on innovation and enterprise culture that offers the opportunity to work in teams with students from all areas to solve challenges set by companies and organisations.
Upon completion of a CLab, students will be entitled to receive 6 CFU (D- or F-type credits).
Find out more: https://www.univr.it/clabverona
PLEASE NOTE: In order to be admitted to any teaching activities, including those of your choice, you must be enrolled in the academic year in which the activities in question are offered. Students who are about to graduate in the December and April sessions are therefore advised NOT to undertake extracurricular activities in the new academic year in which they are not enrolled, as these graduation sessions are valid for students enrolled in the previous academic year. Therefore, students who undertake an activity in an academic year in which they are not enrolled will not be granted CFU credits.
5. Internship/internship period
In addition to the CFUs stipulated in the curriculum/study plan (check carefully what is indicated on the Teaching Regulations): here information on how to activate the internship.
Check in the regulations which activities can be Type D and which can be Type F.
Modules and other activities that can be entered independently in the booklet
| years | Modules | TAF | Teacher |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2° | Python programming language | D |
Carlo Combi
(Coordinator)
|
Radioactivity and radiation protection (2023/2024)
Teaching code
4S003682
Credits
6
Language
English
Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SSD)
FIS/01 - EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Courses Single
Authorized
The teaching is organized as follows:
Teoria
Esercitazioni
Learning objectives
The course aims at developing innovative educational and research activities based on the production of biomolecules labelled with radioisotopes for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic purposes. The educational and research activities take advantage of the presence of the Radiochemistry Laboratory of the “Sacro Cuore” Hospital in Negrar where a new PET center is presently equipped with the high performance cyclotron (A.C.S.I TR-19), which allows variable energy extraction of protons from 13 MeV to 19 MeV, and two experimental stations with liquid and solid targets for the production of 18F, 13N,11C,89Zr and 124I. The course introduces the basic knowledge related to the production and use of radioisotopes for imaging and radioisotope therapy, incorporating the Radiation Safety and Radiobiology aspects relating these. Fundamental aspects of Radiotherapy, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine will also been taught. The course will include a visit to the Cyclotron facility and Radiochemistry Laboratory of the Sacro Cuore Hospital as part of the practical experience for the students.
Prerequisites and basic notions
Basic physical concepts
Program
Lectures (48 hours) on following topics;
1. Introduction to Radiation
2. Radioactivity:
Introduction – Fundamental of Nuclear Science, isotopes, isotones and isobars
Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiation
The Mechanism of radioactive decay
Natural and Induced Radioactivity
Unit of Radioactivity
Law of radioactive decay
3. Radiation Generators:
Principles of X-ray Production
Medical Linear Accelerator
Radio-isotope Production Units (Cyclotron, Generators and Reactor)
4. Interaction of Radiation with Matter and Penetrating Powers.
5. Biological Effects of Radiation:
Introduction
Interaction of Radiation with cells
Deterministic and Stochastic Effects
Cancer Induction and hereditary effects
Survival Fraction and Mutation Induction
6. Radiation Units:
Absorption of Energy
Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Absorbed Dose
Equivalent Dose
Effective Dose
Dose and Dose Rate
Flux
Relationship of Units
7. Review, Tutorial and MCQ test (For topics 1 to 6)
8. Nuclear Imaging Techniques and Equipment
CT in Diagnostic Radiology
SPECT, PET and PET-CT in Nuclear Medicine
Computed Tomography (CT) and PET-CT
9. Radioisotope Therapy and Brachytherapy
Introduction
Radioisotopes in Therapeutic utilization
Radioisotopes and Brachytherapy – Permanent and Temporary Implants
Imaging aspects in development of Modern Brachytherapy
10. Production of Radioisotopes and Radio-pharmaceuticals. Practical lesson at the laboratory of Sacro Cuore Hospital in which dott. Giancarlo Gorgoni will show: in a first step a cyclotron production of F-18 tracer, its synthesis and relative quality control; in a second step a production from gallium-68 generator, its labelling with a peptide and relative quality control (always radiochemical purity).
11. Radiotherapy – Modern Development and Imaging
Fundamental of Radiotherapy
Techniques and Procedure
Modern developments
Developments in Imaging for Treatment Planning
Development in Imaging for Treatment Delivery – IGRT, ART
12. Fundamental of Radiation Protection
Introduction
Natural and Man Made Radiation
Systems of Radiological Protect
Optimization and ALARA Principle
External and Internal Radiation Hazards
13. Radiation Protection in Medicine
Application
Diagnostic Procedures
Nuclear Medicine
Radiotherapy
Control and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
14. Quality Control and Quality Assurance in radiotherapy
15. Final Review, Tutorial and Assssment of the whole course. Model Tests for Final Exam
Didactic methods
Frontal lectures with slides, periodic assignments and corrections, tutorials
Learning assessment procedures
The final examination will in the written form, and based in the complete course materials dealt with. The exam questions will consist of 10 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and 4 of short answer type.
Evaluation criteria
The evaluation criteria for the short answer type questions are:
(a) Compliance with the questions to be answered.
(b) Concepts acquired on the topic of the question.
Criteria for the composition of the final grade
Ten marks for MCQ (one for each MCQ) and five marks each for the four short answer questions. Additional points will be given taking into account participation in the lab session and completion of a given home assignment.
Exam language
English
