The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

Fornire conoscenze di base riguardanti la farmacologia, patologia generale, microbiologia, medicina interna e terapia medica di interesse fisioterapico.

MODULO: FARMACOLOGIA Comprendere le azioni dei farmaci sui processi fisiopatologici dei pazienti con particolare riferimento ai farmaci usati nelle aree principali di intervento del fisioterapista.

MODULO: PATOLOGIA GENERALE Acquisire gli strumenti concettuali e scientifici per spiegare le cause e i meccanismi delle malattie umane. Conoscere i principali fattori patogeni, i principi generali dei disordini dell’omeodinamica dei sistemi complessi, le reazioni al danno biologico con particolare riferimento all’infiammazione, ai processi di guarigione o di cronicizzazione.

MODULO: MICROBIOLOGIA Acquisire le informazioni essenziali sui processi infettivi sostenuti da virus e batteri, sulle modalità di crescita e di diffusione di questi microrganismi e sulle misure preventive.

MODULO: MEDICINA INTERNA E TERAPIA MEDICA Inquadrare le patologie internistiche sapendone individuare i principali aspetti clinici e riconoscerne le possibili complicanze di interesse per il fisioterapista. Individuare le terapie farmacologiche più frequenti conoscendo le principali indicazioni e gli effetti collaterali. Conoscere le principali tecniche e procedure riabilitative relative alle principali disabilità viscerali.

Program

The Course program consists of the programs of the individual teaching modules.

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MM: INTERNAL MEDICINE AND THERAPY
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ENDOCRINOLOGY – Diabetes (pathophysiology , morbidity and mortality, acute and chronic complications , therapy), GH pathologies , thyroid diseases, Adrenal gland diseases.
HEMATOLOGY : Anemia

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MM: PHARMACOLOGY
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY. Definition of drug, medicinal product, generic drug, biosimilar, galenic and magistral preparations. Origin of drugs and the process of drug development. Difference between symptomatic, curative, preventive and substitutive drugs. Different actions of drugs: systemic or local, direct or indirect, primary or secondary, collateral, early or late onset. Pharmacokinetics: absorption (mechanisms, routes of administration), distribution (plasma protein binding, tissue vascularization, blood-brain barrier and placental transfer of drugs), metabolism of drugs (biotransformation reactions, enzymatic induction and inhibition), excretion of drugs. Pharmacodynamics: general mechanisms of action, receptor definition, drug-receptor interaction, agonism and antagonism, affinity and intrinsic activity of drugs. Adverse drug reactions. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOTHERAPY. “Placebo” and “Compliance” definitions. Dosage, maximum dose, effective dose, posology, therapeutic index. Therapeutic plasma levels of drugs, peak concentrations, therapeutic range, accumulation, toxic concentrations. Drug interactions. Variability in drug response. SPECIAL PHARMACOLOGY. Non-steroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties, modality of use, main adverse reactions. Opioids and non opioids analgesics (NSAIDs and paracetamol): mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, tolerability. Antiparkinson drugs.
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MM: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
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Introduction to pathology:
• Cell homeostasis and alterations at the cell and organism levels.
• The concept of biochemical lesion and subcellular localization.
• Alteration of cell homeostasis: adaptation, necrosis, apoptosis, restoration of cell damage.
• Examples of cell adaptation: alterations of cells status and differentiation.
Causes of disease and mechanisms of cell damage:
• General classification of the causes of disease: genetic (example: cystic fibrosis), environmental, multifactorial (example: atherosclerosis), chemical (example: alcohol), radiation, free radicals.
• Mechanisms of healing.
Oedema: pathogenesis and classification.
Introduction to immunology and immunological damage:
• Innate and acquired immunity: description of leukocytes involved and general mechanisms.
• General features: antigen presentation, lymphocyte subclasses, complement.
• MHC ad transplants.
• Blood groups.
• Mechanisms of immuological damage: anafilaxis, complement activation, role of antibodies and Fc receptor, cell-dependent cytotoxicity.
Inflammation:
• Role of blood vessels in inflammation.
• Cells involved in inflammation.
• Classification of inflammatory response based on prevalent features: erithematous, serous, fibrinous, purulent, necrotic-haemorragic.
• Differences among acute and chronic inflammation.
• Cytokines and their role in the regulation of the inflammatory response.
Neoplasia:
• Differences among benign and malign neoplasms.
• Properties of neoplastic cells: growth, invasion and differentiation.
• General classification: epithelial, mesenchimal, neuroectodermal and germinal, hemopoietc cells neoplasms.
• Natural history of neoplasia: precancerous lesions, carcinoma in situ, metastasis. Preferential localization. TNM score.
• Molecular basis of neoplastic transformation: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Mechanisms of activation/inhibition.
• Cancer etiology: physical, chemical and biological.
• Mechanism of damage: compression, paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia.
• Cancer biomarkers and their clinical relevance.

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MM: MICROBIOLOGY
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Introduction to microbiology. Bacteriology: structure and function of bacteria and spores. Bacterial replication. Pathogenicity of bacteria. Virology: structure and composition of virus. Viral replication, viral infections. Mode of transmission of infection and their prevention.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

Quiz: multiple choices. Oral exam at request or if requested by the commission