Studying at the University of Verona
Here you can find information on the organisational aspects of the Programme, lecture timetables, learning activities and useful contact details for your time at the University, from enrolment to graduation.
Type D and Type F activities
This information is intended exclusively for students already enrolled in this course.If you are a new student interested in enrolling, you can find information about the course of study on the course page:
Laurea in Biotecnologie - Enrollment from 2025/2026The educational activities of type D are the student's choice, those of type F are additional knowledge useful for entering the world of work (internships, transversal skills, project works, etc.). According to the Didactic Regulations of the Course, some activities can be chosen and entered independently in the booklet, others must be approved by a special committee to verify their consistency with the study plan. Type D or F training activities can be covered by the following activities.
1. Teachings delivered at the University of Verona.
Include the teachings listed below and/or in the Catalog of Teachingshttps://www.univr.it/it/catalogo-insegnamenti - Opens in a new window (which can also be filtered by language of delivery via Advanced Search).
Booklet entry mode: if the teaching is included among those listed below, the student can enter it independently during the period- Opens in a new window in which the syllabus is open; otherwise, the student must make a request to the Secretariat, sending to carriere.scienze@ateneo.univr.i- Opens in a new windowt the form- Opens in a new window in the period indicated- Opens in a new window.
2. CLA language certificate or equivalency.
In addition to those required by the curriculum, the following are recognized for those matriculated from A.Y. 2021/2022:
- English language: 3 CFUs are recognized for each level of proficiency above that required by the course of study (if not already recognized in the previous course of study).
- Other languages and Italian for foreigners: 3 cfu are recognized for each proficiency level starting from A2 (if not already recognized in the previous study cycle).
These cfu will be recognized, up to a maximum of 6 cfu in total, of type F if the teaching plan allows it, or of type D. Additional elective credits for language knowledge may be recognized only if consistent with the student's educational project and if adequately motivated.
Those matriculated up to A.Y. 2020/2021 should consult the information found here- services - cla - language exercises - science and engineering https://www.scienzeingegneria.univr.it/?ent=iniziativa&id=4688 - Opens in a new window.
Booklet entry mode: apply for the certificate- Opens in a new window orequivalency- services - recognition of external language certifications - cla Opens in a new window to the CLA and send it to the Student Secretariat - Careers for the inclusion of the exam in the career, by email: carriere.scienze@ateneo.univr.it- Opens in a new window
3. Soft skills
Discover the training paths promoted by the University's TALC - Teaching and learning centerhttps://talc.univr.it/ - Opens in a new window, intended for students regularly enrolled in the academic year of course delivery https://talc.univr.it/it/competenze-trasversali- Opens in a new window
Booklet entry mode: The teaching is not intended to be included in the syllabus. Only upon obtaining theOpen Badgehttps://talc.univr.it/it/servizi/open-badge - Opens in a new window will the booklet CFUs be automatically validated. The registration of CFUs in career is not instantaneous, but there will be some technical time to wait.
4. Contamination lab
The Contamination Lab Verona (CLab Verona) is an experiential pathway with modules dedicated to innovation and business culture that offers the opportunity to work in teams with students from all courses of study to solve challenges launched by companies and institutions. The pathway allows students to receive 6 CFUs in the D or F area. Discover the challenges: https://www.univr.it/clabverona- Opens in a new window
PLEASE NOTE: To be eligible to take any teaching activity, including electives, you must be enrolled in the year of the course in which it is offered. Therefore, it is recommended that undergraduates of the December and April sessions DO NOT take extracurricular activities of the new academic year, in which they are not enrolled, since these degree sessions are valid with reference to the previous academic year. Therefore, for activities carried out in an academic year in which they are not enrolled, no recognition of CFUs can be given.
5. Internship/internship period
In addition to the CFUs stipulated in the curriculum (check carefully what is indicated on the Educational Regulations) here- services - internships and apprenticeships - science and engineering It opens in a new window you can find information on how to activate the internship.
Check in the regulations which activities can be Type D and which can be Type F.
Please also note that for internships activated from October 1, 2024, it will be possible to recognize excess hours in terms of Type D credits, limited only to internship experiences carried out at host institutions outside the University.
| years | Modules | TAF | Teacher |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3° | Python programming language [English edition] | D |
Carlo Combi
(Coordinator)
|
| years | Modules | TAF | Teacher |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3° | LaTeX Language | D |
Enrico Gregorio
(Coordinator)
|
| 3° | Python programming language [Edizione in italiano] | D |
Carlo Combi
(Coordinator)
|
| years | Modules | TAF | Teacher |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1° | Subject requirements: basic mathematics and physics | D |
Elisa Artegiani
(Coordinator)
|
Biochemistry and analytical biochemistry - BIOCHIMICA (2021/2022)
Teaching code
4S02696
Teacher
Credits
8
Also offered in courses:
- Introduction to biochemistry of the course Bachelor's degree in Bioinformatics
Language
Italian
Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SSD)
BIO/10 - BIOCHEMISTRY
Period
Primo semestre dal Oct 4, 2021 al Jan 28, 2022.
To show the organization of the course that includes this module, follow this link: Course organization
Learning outcomes
Biochemistry is a branch of life sciences which deals with the study of chemical reactions and their organization in living cells and organisms. It takes into account the studies related to the nature of the chemical constituents of living matter, their transformations in biological systems and the energy changes associated with these transformations.
Students will be guided through the course to understand the relationships between structure and function of macromolecules, and the regulatory strategies, with particular focus on metabolic pathways.
The experimental activities are aimed at understanding the rationale behind the basic biochemical protocols developed to investigate the macromolecules and their functions.
Program
The properties that characterize living systems
Biological molecules: Hierarchy among biological molecules: simple molecules as units of complex structures
Water, pH and ionic balances
Amino acids
Acid-base properties of amino acids.
Proteins: biological functions and primary structure
Peptide bond. Architecture of protein molecules
The three-dimensional structure of proteins:
The secondary structure: description of helices and folded sheets. Ramachandran's graphs
Globular proteins: tertiary structure and functional diversity
Folding models. Factors determining the secondary and tertiary structure Information and thermodynamics of the survey.
Conformational diseases.
Quaternary structure of proteins
Lipids and membranes: Fatty acids. Triacylglycerols.
Membranes: Fluid mosaic model. Membrane transport
Nucleotides and nucleic acids. DNA and RNA. Properties of nucleotides. Stability and formation of the phosphodiester bond. DNA denaturation and renaturation.
Enzymes: catalytic power, specificity and regulation.
Enzymatic kinetics: Free energy of activation and action of catalysts.
The Michaelis-Menten equation. Steady state assumption. The kinetic parameters. Linear graphic methods.
Enzymatic inhibition: irreversible and reversible. Competitive and non-competitive.
Control mechanisms of enzymatic activity.
Oxygen transport and storage: the role of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Structure-function relationship of Mb and Hb
Hemoglobin: cooperative binding and allosteria. Models for the transition to allosteria in hemoglobin: the symmetrical model and the sequential model. Homotropic and heterotropic effectors.
Bioenergetics. Basic thermodynamic concepts.
Entropy and free energy. The course of a reaction, the variation of standard free energy. Effect of pH and cancentration on standard free energies.
The importance of coupled processes in living systems.
ATP and high-energy compounds: group transfer potential. The energy charge.
The metabolism.
The central metabolic pathways and energy metabolism. Existence of independent degradative and biosynthetic pathways. Oxidations as a source of metabolic energy. Main metabolism control mechanisms.
Glycolysis: General aspects. The importance of coupled reactions in glycolysis. reactions of glycolysis.
The metabolic fates of NADH and pyruvate
The cycle of tricarboxylic acids: The connection phase: the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. The reactions of the cycle. The cycle of TCAs as a source of intermediates for the biosynthetic pathways. Anaplerotic reactions.
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation: Reduction potentials. The complexes of the electron transport chain.
The thermodynamic approach to the chemoosmotic coupling hypothesis. ATP synthase. Shuttle systems for the transport of cytosolic NADH into mitochondria.
Gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism and hormonal regulation. Hormones and second messengers: cAMP and G.
The beta-oxidation of fatty acids with an equal number of saturated C atoms.
The pentose phosphate pathway: reactions and control.
Nitrogen metabolism: Transamination reactions; Fate of the carbonaceous skeleton of amino acids; fate of the amino group; urea cycle.
NUCLEIC ACIDS: how the structure carries information. Structural levels of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). DNA denaturation.
TRANSFER OF INFORMATION
DNA replication. Replication enzymology: structure / function of DNA polymerases. DNA replication fidelity.
Bibliography
Examination Methods
The objective of the exam is to verify the level of knowledge and depth of the topics of the course program and the reasoning skills developed by the student. The evaluation is expressed out of thirty (minimum grade 18).
The final exam (written for Bioinformatics students) will focus on all the topics of the program. The student will have to answer a series of open-ended questions, demonstrating that they understand and be able to use the fundamental concepts of each topic.
The final exam (oral for Biotechnology students) will focus on all the topics of the program. The student will have to answer a series of questions, demonstrating that they understand and be able to use the fundamental concepts of each topic.
