The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

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MM: METODOLOGIA DELL'INFERMIERISTICA BASATA SULLE EVIDENZE
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This course focused on the elements of evidence-based practice. Focus is placed on the cyclical process of identifying clinical questions, searching and appraising the evidence for potential solutions/innovations. Integration of the existing evidence with clinical judgment, patient preferences, inter-professional perspectives, and other resources forms the basis for the clinical decision-making process that is inherent in improving patient, population, and organizational outcomes.
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MM: STATISTICA SANITARIA E EPIDEMIOLOGIA CLINICA
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The course is aimd at enabling the student to: - estimate accuracy and precision of measurements performed in the biomedical field; - properly synthetize and summarize the information collected on a series of patients; - compute the probability of a single event or several events - understand how to generalize findings from samples to the original population - critically appraise scientific literature dealing with Nursing, and understand and correctly implement guidelines.

Program

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MM: METODOLOGIA DELL'INFERMIERISTICA BASATA SULLE EVIDENZE
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• The model and the elements of EBP process • Formulating an Answerable Question using the ‘P I C O’ principle • Searching evidence in scientific databases (eg pubmed) to identify and to propose solutions/ innovations to clinical • Understanding results from quantitative evidence: RCT’s, cross.-sectional and observational studies, systematic reviews and meta analysis • Understanding results from qualitative studies • Understanding the Clinical Practice Guidelines and their relevance in the nursing practice • Integrating clinical judgment, patient preferences and other available resources as a basis for clinical decision-making • The Evidence Hierarchy: definitions and examples
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MM: STATISTICA SANITARIA E EPIDEMIOLOGIA CLINICA
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INTRODUCTION The role of Statistics in Health Professions. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Different measurement scales – Statistical variables and their presentation through frequency distributions: one-entry or double-entry tables – Measures of central tendency: mean (arithmetic, geometric, weighted), median, mode, percentiles – Measures of dispersion: range, interquartile range, sum of squares, variance (mean square), standard deviation, variation coefficient. PROBABILITY Classic, frequentist, subjective interpretations of probability – Sum and product rules of probability – Independent and dependent events and conditional probability – Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of a diagnostic test – ROC curves – Bayes theorem and its application to differential diagnosis – Random variables – Theoretical probability distributions: normal distribution. SAMPLING Populations and samples - Common sampling designs – Sampling distribution of an estimator (sample mean). STATISTICAL INFERENCE Point and interval estimates: confidence interval – Logical structure of hypothesis testing: null and alternative hypotheses; acceptance and rejection regions; type I and type II error; power of a statistical test – Choice of statistical test. EPIDEMIOLOGY Measures of disease frequency: prevalence, incidence – Measures of association: risk difference, relative risk, odds ratio – Study design: cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies.

Bibliography

Examination Methods

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MM: METODOLOGIA DELL'INFERMIERISTICA BASATA SULLE EVIDENZE
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Written exam composed by different kind of questions such as open and close question to test: • evidence based nursing knowledge • critical thinking skills Appraising a research article using open questions
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MM: STATISTICA SANITARIA E EPIDEMIOLOGIA CLINICA
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The written examination will consist of about 25 multiple choice questions with 5-8 possible answers, and one exercise of Statistical Inference on a simple data set. Some statistical questions will deal with an article dealing with Nursing, chosen by the teacher of Nursing. Wrong answers to the written examination will be orally discussed with the student.