Teaching code

4S000090

Teacher

Claudio Sorio

Credits

2

Language

Italian

Scientific Disciplinary Sector (SSD)

MED/04 - EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Period

2 SEMESTRE PROFESSIONI SANITARIE dal Jan 7, 2025 al Sep 30, 2025.

Courses Single

Not Authorized

Lessons timetable Moodle Seminars 0

To show the organization of the course that includes this module, follow this link:  Course organization

Program

Introduction to pathology: • The pathological process as an alteration of homeostasis at the cellular and organism level. • Mechanisms of cellular homeostatic alteration: the concept of "biochemical lesion". Cellular districts where biochemical lesions occur: i) the plasmatic membrane: damage due to lipid alterations (action of phospholipases); damage due to alteration of protein function (alterations of receptors, alterations of proteins involved in the transport of molecules) ii) the intracellular organelles: mitochondria, the vacuolar system (lysosomal storage diseases) iii) the cytoplasm: accumulation of excess substances . iv) the nucleus: karyotype abnormalities. • Consequences of alterations of cellular homeostasis: "adaptation", necrosis, cellular regeneration and repair of cellular damage. • Examples of cellular adaptation: Alterations of stationary states and cellular differentiation (atrophies and hypertrophies, hyperplasias and hypoplasias; metaplasias and anaplasias). Causes of disease and mechanisms of cell damage: • General classification of the causes of disease. • Genetic causes of disease: mechanisms by which a gene mutation can cause disease (the example of cystic fibrosis). Interactions between genetic and environmental causes and multifactorial disease: the example of atherosclerosis. • Physical and chemical causes of cellular damage: i) radiation: mechanisms of production of oxygen radicals by ionizing radiation and damage by radicals; iii) alcohol damage • Healing and repair Edemas. Introduction to the immune response and immunological damage. • mechanisms of immunity and difference between innate and acquired immunity; • general characteristics of the immune response: antigen presentation, main subclasses of T lymphocytes, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, the complement system. • The MHC system and transplants • Blood groups • Mechanisms of immunological damage: i) anaphylaxis; ii) mechanisms of complement activation and lytic effects of complement; iii) role of antibodies and receptors for the Fc fragment in cell damage; iv) cytotoxicity from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Inflammation • Vascular modifications characterizing the inflammatory process: active and passive hyperemia, permeability alterations. Responsible mediators (histamine, prostaglandins, kinins) • Cells involved in inflammation. • Classification of the different types of inflammation on the basis of the prevailing characteristics: erythematous, serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, necrotic-hemorrhagic inflammation. • Differences between acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. • Cytokines and their role in regulating inflammation and repairing tissue damage. The neoplasms. • Main differences between benign and malignant tumors • Main properties of malignant neoplastic cells: characteristics of growth, invasiveness and differentiation. • Classification of tumors: i) tumors originating from epithelial cells; ii) tumors originating from mesenchymal, neuroectoderm and germ cells; iii) blood cell tumors. • Natural history of tumors in vivo: precancerous lesions, carcinomas in situ, metastasis. Metastatic preference. TNM staging. • Molecular bases of neoplastic transformation: proto-oncogenes and oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes. Mechanisms of activation of oncogenes. • Causes of tumours: physical, chemical, biological (tumour-inducing DNA and RNA viruses). • Tumor damage mechanisms: compression damage, paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia. • Neoplasia markers and their clinical relevance

Bibliography

Didactic methods

Frontal lessons

Learning assessment procedures

Written, multiple choice and open-ended questions. Oral upon request and/or decision of the examination board.

Evaluation criteria

Evaluation of single modules with weighted average

Exam language

italiano

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