Learning objectives

Clinical sciences include four disciplines: Endocrinology, Cardiovascular diseases, Blood diseases, and Medical oncology. The aim of the course is to join together technical-diagnostic skills and clinical knowledge.

ENDOCRINOLOGY: the course is to provide the knowledge of the endocrine and metabolic diseases related to the main endocrine/metabolic systems. Lessons will present the single topics by starting with physiology and physiopatology and, finally, by presenting the clinical aspects (signs/symptoms) of the main endocrine/metabolic diseases. Students will learn how to recognize the main endocrine/metabolic diseases and their laboratory data presentation. Moreover, students will acquaint with the terminology needed to discuss clinical endocrine cases with other collegues.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: to be able to recognize the peculiar elements of acute and chronic ischemic heart disease; to be able to recognize the basic knowledge on cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis, cardiovascular primary and secondary prevention. To understand the role of laboratory medicine in the diagnostic process, risk stratification and therapeutic decision in the main cardiac diseases.

BLOOD DISEASES: to recognize and to be able to describe structural and functional organization as well as disease feedback and adaptive mechanisms acting through the hematopoietic system. Such abilities would found blood disease systematics on a thorough understanding of the subject allowing to grasp physiopathological, clinical and diagnostic signatures.

MEDICAL ONCOLOGY: to provide tools for the knowledge of the main neoplastic pathologies and of the methods necessary to program the therapies with drugs to molecular target.

Examination Methods

A test may be given in the form of oral, written, open-ended or multiple-choice, practical exercise or preparation of a paper. This test shall cover all topics included/executed within the programs of the component modules of the teaching.

Evaluation criteria

The assessment elements that contribute to the awarding of the grade are: knowledge and the ability to understand, the ability to apply knowledge, autonomy of judgment, that is, the ability to make critical sense and formulate judgments, the ability to communicate. In evaluating the individual tests and awarding the grade, the teaching teachers refer to the following scale for assessing learning. Lower than 18 : Fragmentary and superficial knowledge of content, errors in applying concepts, poor exposition 18 - 20 : Sufficient but general content knowledge, simple exposition, uncertainties in applying theoretical concepts 21 - 23 : Appropriate but not thorough content knowledge, ability to apply theoretical concepts, ability to present content in a simple way 24 - 25 : Appropriate and extensive content knowledge, fair ability to apply knowledge, ability to present content in an articulate manner. 26 - 27 : Content knowledge accurate and complete, good ability to apply knowledge, ability to analyze, clear and correct exposition 28 - 29 : Broad, complete and thorough knowledge of content, good application of content, good ability to analyze and synthesize, confident and correct exposition, 30 or 30 cum laude : Very broad, complete and in-depth content knowledge, well-established ability to apply content, excellent ability to analyze, synthesize and make interdisciplinary connections, mastery of exposition.