The teaching is organized as follows:

Learning outcomes

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MM: FISIOLOGIA
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The course provides the scientific knowledge of the human body's general structure. The student learns the working principles of the different organs, the dynamic integration of organs in apparatuses and the general mechanisms of the functional control in normal conditions.
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MM: ANATOMIA UMANA
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The course is aimed at the understanding of the anatomical structure of organs and systems of the human body and their functional significance
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MM: ISTOLOGIA
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The Histology teaching aims to provide the student with a clear and up-to-date picture of the cells of the human body and their morpho-functional organization in different tissues. Such basic knowledge is prerequisite and indispensable to the continuation of the academic learning programs.

Program

------------------------ MM: FISIOLOGIA ------------------------ CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY 1) Cellular homeostasis 2) Action potential and synaptic transmission 3) Skeletal muscle CARDIOVASCULAR APPARATUS 4) Cardiac autorhythmicity and cardiac impulse propagation 5) Heart nervous control 6) Excitement and cardiac contractility 7) Cardiac reflexes 8) Stroke volume 9) Cardiac output 10) ECG and cardiac cycle 11) Cardiac work and metabolism 12) Hemodynamic principles of the cardiovascular system 13) Vascular resistance 14) Capillaires, veins and lymphatics 15) Blood pressure 16) Cardiovascolar control RESPIRATORY APPARATUS 17) Respiratory mechanism 18) Pulmonary volumes and capacities 19) Ventilation and perfusion 20) Gas diffusion 21) Respiratory gas transport 22) Respiratory control KIDNEY APPARATUS 23) Nephron 24) Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow 25) Reabsorption and secretion renal 26) Urine concentration and dilution 27) Idric and elecrolyte balance 28) Acid-base balance 29) Urination GASTROINTESTINAL APPARATUS 30) Smooth muscle 31) Gastrointestinal physiology 32) Esophageal and gastric motility 33) Intestinal motility 34) Salivary secretion 35) Gastric secretion 36) Pancreatic secretion 37) Liver and gallbladder 38) Secretion and absorption in the intestine NERVOUS SYSTEM 39) Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic control) 40) Adrenergic and cholinergic receptors ------------------------ MM: ANATOMIA UMANA ------------------------ Introduction to the study of human anatomy. The general structure of the organism and the anatomical terminology: anatomical position; surfaces and section planes; movements; parenchymatous viscera; hollow viscera; neurovascular bundles. Topographic anatomy: functions of the human body: the body surface; cavity; chest; abdomen; neck; head, limbs. Skin: microscopic structure; skin adnexa; mammary gland. Skeleton and joints: general structure of the skeleton. Types of bones. Classification of joints. Skull, general structure: neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Standard front, side, occipital, basal. Description of the individual cranial bones. Spinal column and rib cage. Pelvis. Shoulder Girdle and upper limb bones. Pelvic girdle and lower limb bones. Muscular system: types of muscle tissue and their functional differentiation. Muscles of the head and neck; muscles of the trunk; pelvic muscles; limb muscles. Digestive system: general organization: the oral cavity; tongue and teeth; pharynx; oesophagus; stomach; intestine; pancreas; liver; biliary tract; gallbladder; peritoneum. Respiratory system: external nose and nasal cavities; larynx; trachea; bronchia; lungs; pleura. Urinary system: general information; kidney; renal pelvis; ureter; bladder; male urethra and prostate; female urethra. Female genital tract: ovary; fallopian tube; uterus; vagina; external genitalia; placenta. male genital system: generality; testicle; sperm ducts; external genitalia. Endocrine system: topography, structure and function of the main endocrine glands. Cardiovascular system: generality; heart; arteries; microcirculation; veins; pulmonary circulation; systemic circulation; arteries and veins of the largest circulation; elements of foetal circulation. Blood. Lymphatic system: lymph; lymph nodes; thymus; spleen; lymphatics. Central nervous system: spinal cord; brainstem; cerebellum; diencephalon; forebrain; description of the main sensory and motor systems. Peripheral nervous system: general organization; cranial nerves; spinal nerves; autonomic nervous system. Sense organs: the auditory-vestibular apparatus; visual apparatus. ------------------------ MM: ISTOLOGIA ------------------------ Cytology: eukaryotic cell: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles (endoplasmic reticulum:rough and smooth, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,ribosomes, lysosomes). Cytoskeleton (general structure and function),nuclear envelope, nucleus (chromatin, DNA organization and chromosomes),nucleolus, cell cycle (mitosis). Histology: epithelial tissues, characteristic features of epithelial cells. Types of epithelia: Covering or lining epithelia, glandular epithelia (exocrine and endocrine glands: examples). Connettive tissue: cells of connective tissue: fibroblasts and residential cells. Fibers: collagen, reticular fibers, elastic fibers, ground substance. Adipose tissue: white and brown Cartilage: hyaline, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage. Cells and the matrix. Bone: bone cells, bone matrix. Blood: cells and serum/plasma. Muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle. Cells and organization. Central and peripheral nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Book: JUNQUEIRA'S Basic Histology - Text & Atlas (12th Edition) Anthony L. Mescher McGraw Hill Lange

Bibliography

Examination Methods

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MM: FISIOLOGIA
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Multiple choice test
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MM: ANATOMIA UMANA
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written
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MM: ISTOLOGIA
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Examination: written open questions with suggestions. The written test potentially covers all the topics of the program delivered at the opening of the course to the student. A written intermediate test regarding the first part of the program is offered during the course. The intermediate test is valid until the end of the academic year. Students that have not passed successfully the intermediate test must repeat the complete program examination. If the student passed the intermediate test, the final vote is obtained from the following formula: Vote = Vote_intermediate test * 0.5 + Vote_second part * 0.5.